ABSTRACT Leaf area is a commonly used measurement in many agronomic studies, but its assessment is generally destructive, and then simple, accurate and non-destructive methods are really appreciated. The objective of this study was to develop a non-destructive model that could be used to estimate the leaf area of four guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivars by using leaf linear dimensions. Leaves from guava cultivars ‘Paluma’, ‘Sassaoka’, ‘Século 21’, and ‘Tailandesa’ were sampled randomly from an experimental orchard. Leaf length and maximum leaf width were measured with a ruler in 120 leaves from each cultivar. Leaf areas were also measured with a leaf area meter. Linear and power models relating leaf area to length, width, and length × width were fitted to the data. The most precise models were regressed again with a new data set to validate the proposed models. The power model (y = 0.61 x1.06) using the length × width was more precise and accurate to estimate the leaf area of all four cultivars evaluated herein, grown in field or greenhouse conditions. When only one leaf dimension was used, the power model (y = 1.81 x1.93) using the width was the best-performing model. Although models with only one leaf dimension (length or width) have shown good performance for estimating the guava leaf area, models based on the leaf length × width were more precise.

ABSTRACT: Severe mosaic symptoms, accompanied by yellow spots, abnormally small leaves, fruit malformation and cracking, reduced plant growth, and high levels of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) infestation were observed in passionflower (Passiflora edulis) orchards in southwestern Bahia, Brazil. The aim of this work was to identify the species of begomovirus infecting the passionflowers, its prevalence in southwestern Bahia, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of the disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants collected at 57 orchards located in ten counties were evaluated by PCR for begomovirus infection. Complete nucleotide sequences of DNA-A for two isolates revealed 97 % identity with Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (PSLDV). The occurrence of PSLDV in 57 orchards was evaluated based on the presence of characteristic disease symptoms. Approximately 235,000 visually assessed plants exhibited symptoms characteristic of begomovirus infection. Epidemiological studies, conducted in two orchards in Dom Basílio County, showed that disease progress was relatively slow until 121 days after transplanting (DAT), but more rapid in the following 35 days, reaching 100 % infected plants by 156 DAT. The exponential model was fitted to the temporal dynamic of the disease for both areas. An aggregated pattern of diseased plants was predominant for almost all evaluations. It is possible that the primary and secondary spread of the pathogen occurred concurrently during the epidemic progression in both areas, especially late in the season. Containment measures to prevent the virus and the vector from spreading to other passionfruit producing areas in Brazil should be implemented.

RESUMO: Um dos grandes problemas na comercialização de abacates é a incidência de doenças pós-colheita, principalmente a antracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) e as podridões pedunculares (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusicoccum aesculi e Neofusicoccum spp.). Em função da carência de informações epidemiológicas sobre esses patossistemas, objetivou-se estabelecer um método para detectar infecções quiescentes e caracterizar o progresso temporal e o padrão espacial dessas doenças em pomar comercial. A detecção de infecções quiescentes foi avaliada em flores e em frutos imaturos e no ponto de colheita comercial, tratados com paraquat, ethrel ou água. O tratamento de flores e frutos imaturos com paraquat propiciou uma rápida detecção de Colletotrichum spp. Em duas safras de um pomar de abacate ‘Hass’, avaliou-se a incidência das doenças a partir das flores abertas até a colheita dos frutos, totalizando 11 avaliações em intervalos quinzenais. Quando os frutos alcançaram o ponto de colheita, avaliou-se a distribuição espacial de frutos doentes nas árvores por meio do índice de dispersão e da lei de Taylor modificada. Na avaliação do progresso temporal das doenças, a antracnose foi a mais importante, apresentando elevada incidência inicial, com 60 e 86% das flores doentes nas duas safras, enquanto que os frutos apresentaram médias de 70 e 87% de incidência da doença, respectivamente. As podridões pedunculares foram constatadas em frutos desde o início de seu desenvolvimento e apresentaram baixas incidências (<8% de frutos), significativamente inferior à de antracnose. As doenças apresentaram dispersão ao acaso dentro das árvores, indicando que o inóculo inicial das doenças está distribuído de maneira uniforme nas plantas.

ABSTRACT: One of the major problems in the commercialization of avocados is the incidence of postharvest diseases, especially anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) and stem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusicoccum aesculi and Neofusicoccum spp.). As there is a lack of epidemiological information on these pathosystems, the objective of this study was to establish a method to detect quiescent infections and characterize their temporal progression and spatial pattern in a commercial orchard. Detection of quiescent infections was evaluated in flowers and fruits that were immature and in commercial harvest stage, treated with paraquat, ethrel or water. Treatment of flowers and immature fruits with paraquat led to rapid detection of Colletotrichum spp. In two seasons of a ‘Hass’ avocado orchard, the incidence of diseases was evaluated from open flowers to fruit harvest, totaling 11 evaluations at biweekly intervals. When fruits reached the harvest stage, the spatial distribution of diseased fruits in the trees was evaluated by means of dispersion index and modified Taylor’s law. Considering the evaluation of temporal disease progression, anthracnose was the most important disease, presenting a high initial incidence of 60 and 86% diseased flowers in the two seasons, respectively, while fruits showed an average disease incidence of 70 and 87%, respectively. Stem-end rot was observed only in fruits since the beginning of their development and presented low incidence (<8% fruits), significantly inferior to that of anthracnose. The diseases showed random dispersion within the trees, indicating that their initial inoculum is evenly distributed in the plants.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We avaluated the clinical features, epidemiology, opportunistic infections and coinfections of HIV/AIDS patients. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 143 patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at a public center in the Midwest of Santa Catarina, south of Brazil, from December 2014 to September 2015. RESULTS: Most were male, Caucasian, married, with low education level, and aged 31-50 years. Heterosexual transmission was the most common infection route. Regarding coinfection, 3.5% had hepatitis C, 2.1% hepatitis B, 4.2% syphilis, and 4.9% tuberculosis; 38.5% had opportunistic infections. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection follows the national trend, but hepatitis B and C coinfection rates were higher, while tuberculosis rate was lower.

ABSTRACT A shift towards declining azoxystrobin sensitivity has been previously documented in a collection of Brazilian Monilinia fructicola isolates, but information on the stability of this trait after in vitro sub-culturing is not available. In this study, one highly-sensitive isolate and two isolates with reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin, not exhibiting point mutations at codons 129, 137 and 143 in the target gene of cytochrome b were used. Two independent experiments consisted of 10 weekly transfers of each strain in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidial production and germination were quantified in the initial culture and, again, after the third, sixth and tenth transfer. Measures of mycelial growth were obtained in colonies growing on PDA amended with azoxystrobin at 1 µg mL−1 and salicylhydroxamic acid at 100 µg mL−1. Data were normalized to mycelial growth rate after each of the 10 transfers. The colony diameter in the less sensitive isolates was stable across the transfers in the PDA amended with the fungicide. The conidial production and mycelial growth rate did not decrease in non-amended media either. Our results suggest that the trait of reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable under no selection pressure for azoxystrobin.

ABSTRACT: Postharvest diseases are a major problem in guava crops as the symptoms normally appear during fruit ripening. This study aimed to detect and characterize the temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of the most important guava diseases in orchards with and without removal of crop residues as a sanitation practice. The experiment was conducted in an orchard of ‘Pedro Sato’ guavas, over two consecutive seasons, and data were collected from the flowering to the fruit ripening stage. In immature guavas treated with paraquat and ethrel, Colletotrichum spp. was detected from the 5th day of incubation. Anthracnose was detected in flowers at incidences higher than 50 % and black spot in fruit larger than 5.5 cm in length. The monomolecular and the exponential models provided the best fit to anthracnose and black spot incidence progress curve data, respectively. Both diseases showed a predominantly random spatial pattern in the orchard. The removal of crop residues reduced the rate of disease progress in at least one season, and was effective in reducing the areas under the quiescent disease progress curves (AUDPC) of anthracnose. Anthracnose incidence increased from 57 to 96 % and black spot from 1 to 48 %, respectively, at fruit maturation levels 1 and 3. A negative correlation was found between disease incidence and the color of the fruit skin (°h). Fruit harvested during the later maturation stages showed higher incidence of the diseases. Due to the wide distribution and early infection of quiescent diseases, starting at flowering, preventive management should consider disease monitoring and removal of crop residues.

RESUMO: Podridão parda é a doença mais importante de pêssegos no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os componentes monocíclicos da podridão parda de isolados brasileiros de M. fructicola e M. laxa, devido à detecção de M. laxa em uma área de produção de São Paulo. A germinação de conídios e esporulação do patógeno foram avaliadas in vitro sob uma faixa de temperatura de 5-35oC e duração do molhamento de 6-48h. Os períodos de incubação e de latência, a incidência da doença, a severidade da doença e a reprodução do patógeno em frutos de pêssego foram avaliados em 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30ºC e duração de molhamento de 6, 12 e 24h. Seis dos sete parâmetros de uma função beta generalizada para germinação de conídios de M. fructicola e M. laxa foram semelhantes. Apenas o parâmetro de forma foi mais alto para M. fructicola indicando que a gama de temperaturas e períodos de molhamento favoráveis para germinação é maior para M. laxa do que para M. fructicola. A temperatura ideal para o desenvolvimento de podridão parda causada por M. fructicola foi 24,5oC e para Monilinia laxa foi 19,8oC. A 10oC lesões de M. laxa produziram mais conídios que as de M. fructicola, e o inverso ocorreu a 30oC. A temperatura máxima estimada para o desenvolvimento de lesões também foi maior para M. fructicola do que para M. laxa. M. fructicola é favorecido por um clima mais quente do que M. laxa e a presença e impacto deste patógeno no Brazil deve ser acompanhado em especial no estados do sul do país.

ABSTRACT: Brown rot is the most important disease of peaches in Brazil. The objective of this study was to compare the brown rot monocyclic components from Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa isolates from Brazil on peaches, due to the detection of M. laxa in the São Paulo production area. Conidia germination and pathogen sporulation were assessed in vitro under a temperature range of 5-35oC and wetness duration of 6-48h. Incubation and latent periods, disease incidence, disease severity and pathogen reproduction on peach fruit were evaluated under 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30oC and wetness duration of 6, 12 and 24h. Six of seven parameters of a generalised beta function fitted to conidia germination of M. fructicola and M. laxa were similar. Only the shape parameter was higher for M. fructicola indicating that the range of temperatures and wetness periods favourable for germination is wider for M. laxa than for M. fructicola. The optimum temperature for brown rot development caused by M. fructicola was 24.5oC and for. Monilinia laxa was 19.8oC. At 10oC M. laxa lesions produced more conidia than M. fructicola, and the opposite occurred at 30oC. The estimated maximum temperature for lesion development was also higher for M. fructicola than for M. laxa. M. fructicola is favored by warmer weather than M. laxa and the presence and impact of this specie in Brazil must be investigated especially in the South states.

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp. , is one of the most important peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch) diseases and the main cause of postharvest losses. Currently, alternative methods for postharvest disease control, such as the use of volatiles, are under investigation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hexanal on the in vitro development of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa and on monocyclic components of brown rot on peaches. To evaluate the effect on pathogen development in vitro, a single dose of 215 µL of liquid hexanal was placed on glass jars in closed plastic containers (4.3 L) at the moment of fungi transfer, 24 or 48 h after transferring to Petri dishes. After hexanal application, the Petri dishes were kept inside the containers that were closed for 24 h at 20 ºC. Mycelial growth was measured seven days after hexanal removal. For in vivo assays, inoculated fruits were kept in closed plastic containers, and hexanal was applied at the moment of fruit inoculation or 24 hours thereafter. The monocyclic components infection frequency, expressed as brown rot incidence, lesion diameter and lesion sporulation, were assessed daily for seven days. Overall, hexanal was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth when applied at the moment of pathogen transfer. Hexanal did not prevent pathogen infection, but reduced lesion diameter and completely inhibited spore production on the fruit for both treatments. Hexanal provides a promising alternative for chemical control and can be used in postharvest handling systems.

As doenças pós-colheita podem ser responsáveis por perdas tiabendazol (10 mg.L-1) e imazalil (1 mg.L-1). Frutos tratados com significativas ao citricultor. Este trabalho objetivou: a) caracterizar imazalil apresentaram a menor incidência (5,4%) de doenças pós-as doenças pós-colheita em laranjas 'Pêra' provenientes de cultivo colheita, enquanto que frutos provenientes de pomares orgânicos orgânico e convencional, com ou sem tratamento pós-colheita com apresentaram a maior incidência (25,2%). As principais doenças pósimazalil, comercializadas na CEAGESP; e b) detectar a presença de colheita foram o bolor verde em frutos produzidos em sistema isolados de Penicillium digitatum resistentes a fungicidas em frutos convencional e as podridões pedunculares de lasiodiplodia e de com bolor verde. Frutos permaneceram em câmara úmida por 24 phomopsis em frutos orgânicos. A frequência relativa de isolados de horas, e por mais 13 dias a 25 ºC e 85% de UR. A incidência de P. digitatum resistentes ao fungicida tiabendazol foi menor em frutos doenças foi avaliada visualmente a cada 2-3 dias. A presença de P. orgânicos, enquanto a frequência de isolados de P. digitatum resistentes digitatum resistente a fungicidas foi avaliada em função do crescimento ao imazalil e à mistura tiabendazol+imazalil foi maior em frutos que micelial em meio batata-dextrose-ágar acrescido dos fungicidas receberam tratamento pós-colheita com imazalil.

Postharvest diseases may be responsible for significant losses to added of the fungicides thiabendazole (10 mg.L-1) and imazalil (1 citrus growers. This study aimed to: a) characterize the postharvest mg.L-1). Fruits treated with imazalil had lower incidence (5.4%) of diseases in 'Pêra' oranges from organic and conventional crops, with postharvest diseases, while fruits from organic crop had the highest or without postharvest treatment with imazalil, marketed in incidence (25.2%). The main postharvest diseases were green mold CEAGESP; and b) detect the presence of Penicillium digitatum isolates in fruits produced in the conventional system and Lasiodiplodia and resistant to fungicides in fruits with green mold. Fruits were kept in a Phomopsis stem-end rot in organic fruits. The relative frequency of humid chamber for 24 hours and for additional 13 days at 25 ºC and P. digitatum isolates resistant to the fungicide thiabendazole was 85% RH. The disease incidence was visually evaluated at every 2-3 lower in organic fruits, while the frequency of P. digitatum isolates days. The presence of P. digitatum resistant to the fungicides was resistant to imazalil and the mixture thiabendazole+imazalil was higher assessed based on mycelial growth on potato-dextrose-agar medium in fruits that received postharvest treatment with imazalil.

A agricultura orgânica busca atender a demanda crescente por alimentos saudáveis, produzidos sem agroquímicos. Este trabalho objetivou: a) caracterizar as doenças pós-colheita em laranjas 'Valência' provenientes de cultivo orgânico e convencional; b) caracterizar a micoflora ambiental nos pomares citrícolas e c) detectar a presença de isolados de Penicillium spp. resistentes aos fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil nos pomares. Frutos coletados nos pomares e no mercado atacadista de São Paulo (CEAGESP) foram armazenados durante 14 dias a 25ºC e 85% de UR. A incidência de doenças foi avaliada visualmente a cada dois-três dias. A micoflora ambiental foi amostrada com placas de Petri, contendo meio batata-dextrose-ágar acrescido ou não dos fungicidas. As maiores incidências de doenças foram observadas nas laranjas orgânicas em relação as do sistema convencional. A principal doença detectada foi a podridão peduncular de lasiodiplodia. A micoflora total do ambiente, assim como os principais gêneros fúngicos não diferiram significativamente entre os pomares amostrados. Cladosporium foi o gênero fúngico mais abundante nos pomares. A frequência de isolados de P. digitatum resistentes a tiabendazol foi semelhante nos pomares, com média de 47,3% dos isolados. A frequência de isolados de P. digitatum resistentes a imazalil foi baixa (2,6%), não sendo constatados isolados resistentes a tiabendazol + imazalil.

Organic farming aims to meet growing demand for healthy foods, produced without the use of pesticides. The purposes of this work were a) to characterize postharvest diseases in 'Valencia' oranges grown under organic and conventional conditions; b) to characterize the environmental mycoflora in citrus orchards and c) to detect the presence of Penicillium spp. isolates resistant to fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil in the orchards. Citrus fruit collected at the orchards and at the wholesale market of São Paulo (CEAGESP) were stored during 14 days at 25ºC and 85% UR. The incidence of postharvest diseases was evaluated visually every two-three days. The environmental mycoflora was sampled according to the gravimetric method, using Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar medium, supplemented or not with fungicides. The highest incidence of diseases was observed in oranges sampled in organic orchards in comparison to the conventional system. The most frequent postharvest disease was lasiodiplodia stem-end rot. The environmental mycoflora and the population of the major genera of fungi did not differ significantly among the sampled orchards. Cladosporium was the most prevailing genus in the orchards. The frequency of P. digitatum isolates resistant to thiabendazole was similar in orchards, with an average of 47.3%. The frequency of P. digitatum isolates resistant to imazalil was low (2.6%), and resistance to thiabendazole + imazalil was not observed.

Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC) caused by Xylella fastidiosa is one of the most important diseases for Brazilian citriculture. The CVC is a vascular disease with a long incubation period and symptoms similar to other disorders, and this factors difficult the CVC quantification in the field. Two methods of CVC assessment were compared in this study. The first method was based on a descriptive rating scale with four ratings, commonly used for the disease quantification. The second one was based on the incidence of symptomatic branches. The quantification of CVC through these two methods was carried out in a 10-year-old 'Natal' sweet orange orchard. The descriptive scale considered the symptoms of the entire plant. The disease incidence was evaluated in 36 branches in each plant. The assessments were conducted by three raters in 144 plants in July 2006 and July 2007 as well as in March and November 2008. The descriptive scale did not allow an accurate assessment and resulted in a moderate strength of agreement among the raters. On the other hand, the incidence quantification of CVC through the symptomatic branches showed high repeatability among the raters. We suggest the use of incidence of symptomatic branches as variable for CVC quantification.

A situação da produção integrada (PI) de pêssegos no Paraná foi avaliada considerando a importância do acompanhamento técnico especializado, os pontos de estrangulamento na adoção da tecnologia e a classificação das áreas em conformidade para PI. As safras de 2005/2006 (sem acompanhamento PI) e de 2006/2007 (com acompanhamento PI) foram comparadas, considerando 20 produtores orientados mensalmente para atender os requisitos contidos nas normas técnicas de PI para pêssego. A incidência da ferrugem (Tranzschelia discolor) e a da podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) na floração foram quantificadas nas safras de 2006/2007 e 2007/2008 como parâmetros biológicos para caracterizar a eficiência do manejo adotado. A conformidade das propriedades ao sistema PI foi avaliada na safra 2007/2008, aplicando o Módulo complementar APOIA-NovoRural-PI (APOIA-PI). O índice de conformidade de cada propriedade foi comparado ao mínimo para a classificação em PI (0,7). As maiores inconformidades no uso do caderno de campo foram: identificação do responsável técnico, monitoramento de pragas e coleta de dados climáticos. O acompanhamento técnico aumentou em média 60% a conformidade no uso do caderno de campo. A incidência de podridão parda aumentou na safra de 2007/2008 em algumas áreas, ocasionada pelo não atendimento das recomendações técnicas PI. O manejo inadequado da ferrugem causou incremento no inóculo do patógeno, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da epidemia nos pomares. O APOIA-PI classificou duas propriedades como conforme para boas práticas agrícolas (BPA) (0,7 < índice de conformidade > 0,4), duas como produção integrada (PI) (> 0,7) e as demais estavam com índices de conformidade menores que 0,4.

The success in the adoption of peach integrated production (IP) was evaluated in small orchards of the Paraná State. The importance of specific technical accompaniment; points of strangulating in adoption of technology and the classification of the areas to IP conformity were evaluated. The seasons 2005/2006 (without IP orientation) and 2006/2007 (with IP orientation) were compared considering 20 producers who were oriented monthly to attend the minimum requisites. The incidence of peach rust (Tranzschelia discolor) and of brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in full bloom was evaluated in 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons, as biological parameters to accompany the efficiency of system adoption. After the technical accompaniment in 2007/2008 season, the software APOIA-Novo Rural-PI (APOIA-PI) was applied to measure the conformity to IP in peach orchards. The conformity index of each orchard was compared to the minimum requisite to classify as IP (0.7). The major difficulties in register of field book were: pests monitoring; collect of climate data and the harvest evaluation. The technical accompaniment increased in 60% the conformity in use of field book. In 2007/2008 season, the brown rot incidence increased in some areas, caused by not following IP recommendations. The inadequate management caused the increment in pathogen inoculum, promoting the disease development in peach orchards. The APOIA-PI classified two orchards as good agricultural practices (GAP) (0.7 < conformity index > 0.4), two as integrated production (IP) (> 0.7) and the other orchards had conformity index lower than 0.4.

As doenças pós-colheita representam sério obstáculo à cultura da goiaba, uma vez que comprometem a qualidade e a quantidade dos frutos para comercialização. Neste estudo, foram identificadas e quantificadas injúrias mecânicas decorrentes dos processos de colheita e transporte das goiabas. Além disso, avaliou-se a incidência de doenças pós-colheita e pragas em goiabas da cultivar 'Pedro Sato' comercializadas na CEASA-Bauru e em goiabas das cultivares 'Pedro Sato' e 'Paluma' de pomares do Centro-Oeste paulista. Os frutos de goiaba amostrados em quatro etapas da colheita (colheita com luva, sacola do colhedor, contentor e barracão) e na CEASA foram armazenados durante nove dias a 25 ºC. A incidência de injúrias foi avaliada visualmente a cada três dias. A ocorrência de frutos com podridões foi superior na goiaba 'Pedro Sato' (92,0% a 96,6%) comparada a 'Paluma' (77,1%) no fim do armazenamento. A antracnose foi a principal doença nas duas cultivares, seguida pela pinta-preta. A incidência de injúrias mecânicas foi crescente no decorrer das etapas de colheita, entretanto, não influenciaram no aparecimento das podridões. Elevada infestação de moscas-das-frutas foi constatada na goiaba 'Paluma'.

Postharvest diseases represent a serious drawback to guava crop, once they reduce quality and quantity of fruits for marketing. This study identified and quantified mechanical injuries resulting from the processes of harvesting and transporting of guavas and the incidence of postharvest diseases and pests in 'Pedro Sato' guava commercialized at CEASA/Bauru and in 'Pedro Sato' and 'Paluma' guavas cultivated in the Midwest Region of the State of São Paulo. Guava fruit collected at four harvest stages (harvest with gloves, harvest bag, tractor trailer and packing table) and at a wholesale market (CEASA) were stored for nine days at 25 ºC. The incidence of damages was visually evaluated every three days. The occurrence of rot fruit was higher in Pedro Sato cultivar (92.0% to 96.6%) than in 'Paluma' (77.1%) at the end of storage period. Anthracnose was the main disease in the two cultivars, followed for the black spot. The incidence of mechanical injuries increased along the harvest stages; however, it was not related to the occurrence of rots. High infestation of fruit fly in 'Paluma' guava was also verified.

A queima das flores e a podridão parda, causadas por Monilinia fructicola, são as doenças mais importantes na cultura do pessegueiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a incidência de queima das flores e podridão parda latente em frutos verdes e na colheita sob condições naturais de infecção, em relação à posição dos ramos em pomar com cultivares de pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico. As avaliações foram realizadas com as cultivares 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' e 'Della Nona' em 2006, e 'Aurora' e 'Marli' em 2007 e 2008 e conduzidas em sistema orgânico em Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina (SC). Foram monitorados semanalmente os conídios do patógeno em armadilhas tipo "cata-vento". A incidência média da doença na floração foi de 0,8 ('Della Nona') a 19,1% ('Marli'). A incidência na colheita foi de 15,4('Della Nona') a 65,7% ('Flordaking'). Correlações positivas e significativas foram verificadas entre número de conídios e fases fenológicas variando de 0,67 ('Flordaking) a 0,99 ('Aurora'). A posição do ramo no pomar, na linha ou na entrelinha não influenciou a incidência da doença nas flores e nos frutos. A maior concentração de conídios foi observada na fase de maturação dos frutos.

The blossom blight and brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola are the most important diseases of peach tree. This study aimed to verify the incidence of the blossom blight on flowers and latent brown rot in green fruits, and at harvest under natural infection, in relation to the position of branches in the orchard with peach cultivars under organic system. The evaluations were carried out with the cultivars 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' and 'Della Nona' in 2006, 'Aurora' and 'Marli' in 2007 and 2008 and conducted in an organic syste m in Rio do Sul, SC. Conidia were monitored weekly by "winddriven" traps. At flowering the average incidence was 0.8 ('Della Nona') to 19.1% ('Marli'). The incidence at harvest was 15.4 ('Della Nona') to 65.7% ('Flordaking'). It was observed positive and significant correlations between conidia numbers and phenological phases varying from 0.67 ('Flordaking') to 0.99 ('Aurora'). The position of the branch in the orchard, within-row, across-row, did not influence the incidence of disease in the flowers and fruits. The highest conidia concentration was observed during the ripening.

A alta perecibilidade da goiaba é o principal problema enfrentado pelos produtores na comercialização da fruta in natura, tanto no mercado nacional, como no internacional. O 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) é um regulador vegetal conhecido como bloqueador da ação do etileno, empregado para retardar o amadurecimento de frutos e estender sua vida útil. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar os efeitos da aplicação do regulador vegetal 1-MCP sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de goiabas 'Kumagai'. As goiabas foram colhidas quando a cor da casca começou a mudar de verde-escura para verde-clara, tendo como base os índices de firmeza (N) e cor da casca (ºh) de 85N e 117ºh, respectivamente, em lotes uniformes, sem defeitos. Os frutos foram expostos ao 1-MCP durante 3 horas, em câmara hermética, nas concentrações de 0; 100; 300 e 900 nL.L-1 e armazenadas a 22±2 ºC e 80-85 %UR durante 12 dias. O regulador vegetal retardou a perda da cor verde da casca e da firmeza da polpa, bem como o incremento dos teores de ácido ascórbico e de sólidos solúveis, entretanto não alterou a perda de massa, a acidez titulável e a incidência de podridões. A atividade respiratória e a produção de etileno também foram influenciadas pelo 1-MCP, tendo atingido os menores valores ao empregar a maior concentração deste regulador vegetal. A aplicação de 1-MCP, nas concentrações de 300 a 900 nL.L-1, durante 3 horas, retarda o amadurecimento de goiabas 'Kumagai', prolongando sua vida pós-colheita.

The short guava shelf life is the main problem that affects commercialization of fruits, either in national or international markets. The 1-MCP is known as an ethylene blocker. This work was carried out to determine the effects of 1-MCP over attributes of quality of 'Kumagai' guavas. The guavas were harvested with the skin color changing from dark-green to light-green stage, presenting: firmness (N) 85 and skin color (h°) 117, without injuries. Fruits were exposed to 0, 100, 300, 900 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP for 3 hours. Later the fruits were kept in room temperature of 22±2 °C and 80-90 % RH for 12 days. The treatments delayed the skin color and firmness changes, and also delayed the increase of ascorbic acid and sugar; the weight loss, titratable acidity and incidence of rots were not affected. The respiratory rate and ethylene production were suppressed reaching the lowest values with the highest concentration of the product. The application of 1-MCP from 300 to 900 nL.L-1, during 3 hours, extended the shelf life of guavas 'Kumagai'.